i first get to k-town in the middle of the night and discover the change and fabulous and delicious slice of america i never had known was there. but i'm trying to figure it out. the kennedys were almost morbidly afraid of this march. >> they closed the bars. they put the national guard on standby. >> i was terrified people weren't going to show up. >> it was like somebody threw something into a bed of ants. >> i dream a dream. >> it was a defining moment in history. >> it felt like such a victory. >> half a century ago nearly a

quarter of a million people would stand here in front of the lincoln memorial determined to awaken our nation to its often violent denial of basic human rights. long after the civil war we as a people remained divided by race, black or white, separate and unequal. congress was resisting efforts to pass its first civil rights law since 1875. in many places protesters were met by police brutality. in the hour ahead we will meet a number of those who were here. many of them young people who would change the course of our nation's history. the year was 1963. >> segregation now. segregation tomorrow. segregation forever. >> first grade, maybe 5 or 6 years old when i probably realized that there were a difference. getting ready to drink out of the water fountain because they had black and white, colored and

white water fountains. >> if you go downtown to the theater on a saturday afternoon, all of us little black children had to go upstairs to the balcony. >> if you stopped at a gas station, they had a colored bathroom and a white bathroom. otherwise, you couldn't go. >> you saw police dogs, fire hoses attacking young, black boys and girls who were peacefully demonstrating to end segregation. i knew that they were my age. that was what was terrifying. birmingham was like a spark that ignited a prairie fire of national protests. >> here in gaston, it was probably one of the worst places in the state of alabama when it came down to police brutality.

we were demonstrating and marching, protesting in front of the different stores here in town for the right to be served at the large counters. they used cattle prods, if you know what a cattle prod is, on us here in gaston. i still have burns on spots of my body today where they had stuck those cattle prods to me. >> the fears of frustration and discord are burning in every city. next week i shall ask the congress of the united states to act, to make a commitment that is not fully made in this century for the proposition that race has no place many american life or law. >> in 1963 i was 23 years old. i became the chair of the student nonviolence coordinating committee. i was invited to come to washington for a meeting with president kenly. mr. randolph spoke up, the dean

of black leadership. in his baritone voice, he said, mr. president, the marches are restless, and we're going to march on washington. i think that was my first hearing of a proposed march on washington. you can tell by the very body language of president kennedy. he didn't have to say that many words, but he started moving and twisting in his chair, and his facial expression, he just thought it would be chaos. zoo walter reuther and martin luther king headed up the march at elm woodland avenue, the main street in detroit, and martin luther came here to deliver the speech. >> i have a dream this afternoon that one day -- >> it was almost the same speech word for word that he later in august delivered in washington. >> one day little white children

and little negro children will be able to join hands as brothers and sisters. i have a dream this afternoon. >> frank was 18. james was 17, and i had just turned 15, like ten days earlier. this particular sunday frank was talking about he really wanted to go to the march on washington. we didn't have the money, and frank said, well, you know, i've been thinking about hitchhiking. it was dark by the time we started out. it was deserted like this. the route we had to take was up highway 11. james and i kind of were hanging back a little bit at a time because we say, you know, he ain't going to do this. we're going to turn around. he going to get scared. he going to get tired. we're going to turn around. looking back, i think i was crazy considering the time and the things that had happened. we probably walked maybe 12, 13,

14 miles before we got our first ride. we got into washington about 3:00 on wednesday morning. finally, we saw a police officer who knew where the naacp office was, and he told us how to get there. the next day we went over to the headquarters. they put us to work. our job was to put all those signs together. we got paid $3 a day to do that. saturday morning before the march on wednesday dr. martin luther king jr. walked in, and he said i just left your hometown, and i never will forget. he said your parents want me to check on you and make sure you guys are okay. are you guys okay? he sat down and talked with us for 20, 30 minutes maybe. he wanted to know what our dreams and what our thoughts were, what did we want to do, what we wanted to be? >> krip, worrying about the worst. >> they put the national guard on stand-by. they had a draft drawed up

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>> freedom now movement, hear me. we are requesting all citizens to move into washington, to go by plane, by car, bus, any way that you can get there. walk if necessary. please join. go to washington. >> while we have appealed for 100,000, and i think we will have that and maybe go over that figure. >> byron restin believed that there was three groups of people in the country. they were the advocates of civil

rights. there were the die-hard opponent racists, and that in the middle there were a mass of well-meaning white people who really didn't care, but if they could be shown that black people were determined, that their cause was just, that they could be won over to the cause of civil rights. >> negroes want the same things that white citizens possess. ♪ hold on, hold on >> no force under the sun can stand and block and stop this civil rights revolution, which is now underway. >> there have been demonstrations all through the south. this needed to come to a head. there needed to be a crescendo. and whereas byron was the only human being who probably could have organized the march on washington, a. phillip randolph was the only human being that

could have gotten all the civil rights leaders into one room to agree on common action. >> so the march stand headed by byron rustin had two months approximately to organize the march. >> we moved up to 130th street to what was then a failing ramshackle building. it was not elegant, to say the least. >> we were three floors -- it could have been four in a beg hollowed brown stone. lots of rooms. >> the office was one of the most exciting places i've ever worked. people were coming. people were going. people were yelling at each other. people were having meetings in corners. >> if you want to see what the major work for those of us that worked for the march was, there was, in fact, getting people to come by talking on the phone and about how you get there. >> i worked in the march on washington office, and i don't think i had a title. i answered the telephone.

>> march on washington. can i help you please? >> when i walked in the door, the phones were ringing. they range until i left around 5:30, 6:00. i recall a day that i'll never forget. i heard someone say where is this young lady who handles the phone, and finally i looked up, and there he was, dr. king. he said i want to meet this young lady. she has put me on hold twice and hung up on me once, and i want to know who she is, and i was so embarrassed, and he gave me a hug. >> we all knew there had to be somebody who coordinated the transportation, and byron turned to me and said in his sometime british accent, it's you, my dear. and i was totally horrified and frightened. how could i be the transportation director? i can't drive, which i capitoul. i was a new yorker. he said to me, no, you are

compulsive, and i know that you will not lose one person or one organization that wants a bus, and, ltherefore, you should do it. >> travel agency for 100,000 d.c. bound. >> the last three weeks before the march i recall being there until 7:30, 8:00 at night on the phones, and by the time the day of the march wronk i've ever been that tired in my entire life. >> all of us who worked on the march move that at some point the right wing would have to find some way to discredit this march. finally, it dropped fairly late. strom thurmonderstor thurmond d floor of the congress. >> the conviction was sex

perversion. >> byron had been attacked both for homo sexuality and his political views because he was also a socialist and a pacifist. >> it was just one of these facts of life. he is gay. he doesn't hide it. i said to somebody once that never knew there was a closet to go into. >> the senator is interested in attacking me because he is interested in destroying the movement. he will not get away with this. >> i think byron was relieved it was out. it had happened. nobody thought that strom thurmond had anything good in mind by doing it. weeks before we were running out of buses and cars. i calculated that there would be approximately 67,000 people on the march, and i immediately got depressed because he had been predicting 100,000. we really got very worried, and

he brought in my memorandum, and roy wilkins looked at it and said we're going to go over a quarter of a million. he said what she doesn't know, said wilkins, is the number of people who are going to wake up wednesday morning and decide to get in their car and go. >> the government and the kennedy administration was not quite sure what was going to happen. >> the kennedys were almost morbidly afraid of this march. and, remember, it was in the backdrop of the violence in the south. who was to say that violence wouldn't be brought to washington? >> they closed the bars. they put the national guard on standby. they had a draft drawn up declaring marshall law. >> as employee of the highway department of washington d.c., my son and because i did not want to stay home, was to come in and man an empty department

truck to carry bodies out from the riot that would take place. a day or two before the march the 82nd airborne appeared and they proceeded to occupy the area between there and the capitol. >> on august 28, 1963, the city shut down. by noon the next day almost a quarter million people would be jammed shoulder to shoulder stretching half the length of the national mall. >> they just come from all over the place like somebody threw something into a bed of ants. and 100% real cheddar cheese. but what makes stouffer's mac n' cheese best of all. that moment you enjoy it at home. stouffer's. made with care for you or your family. like carpools... polly wants to know if we can pick her up. yeah, we can make room. yeah. [ male announcer ] ...office space.

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>> the time of the march i was 12. i was a harlem girl, and going down south at that time i kind of thought that washington d.c. was literally down south. i kind of had nightmares about what was going to happen to us going down in the south. we were down on a yellow school bus. it was very rickety. it was, you know -- there was no air conditioning. we were singing "we shall overcome" and "before i'll be a slave." >> we knew that we were going to get picked one way or the other. >> we were going to the march, and we were would have gotten there regardless if we had to walk. >> five, four, three, two, one. this is an audio test.

>> byron and i got up very early. we went out to the mall. there was literally nobody, and byron turned to me and said do you think anybody is coming to this march? >> byred took a walk on the mall to check on facilities, and the press was surrounding me and saying mr. restin, what's happening? you said there were going to be a quarter of a million people, and there are scarcely a half dozen here. >> bayard with tremendous applaud went into his pocket and pulled out a piece of paper. >> taking my watch out of the other pocket, i looked at my watch. >> he looked at the piece of paper. he looked at the watch. >> i said, gentlemen, everything is going according to oil. >> meaning according to schedule. >> i said what are you looking at? he said nothing. it was a blank piece of paper. >> i was terrified that people weren't going to show up.

>> a lot of people on the bus were tense we're getting all these news stories that the march is going to be violent. we have to hide the white women. there's going to be riots and devastation. the march was going to be a flop. the dawn starts to come up over the eastern shore of maryland, and it begins to get light. what was around us on the highway was buses. nothing but buses. buses everywhere that you could see. in front of us, behind us, next to us. a whole highway was filled with buses. >> we're almost there. hi. >> all night long we were in the process of moving all the signs out to the parade lines. people started coming in a little bit before the sun came up.

people started arriving. once the sun came up, wow, they came up like somebody threw something into a bed of ants. >> i got down there. i think it was 8:00 in the morning. it was my first major assignment, and i didn't know how to ad lib, and i was really nervous. i began to feel nauseated. i just slipped down the steps and around where the big boxwood bushes are, and i just threw up, and that helped a lot. >> now back to roger. >> here's the lincoln memorial. the sight is something no washingtonian has beheld before. as you look down the reflecting pool. >>. >> every time i look up from my papers or look away. i look back at the crowd, and it was twice as big as it was when

i looked before. it was an endless stream. >> i think that i was a little surprised to see so many whites. >> okay. >> and the fact that people there were both black and white, rich and poor, getting along are. >> it was very, very enlightening and happy because i knew we stood a chance. >> the long awaited march for jobs and freedom in washington d.c. has started early, and it started early without its scheduled leaders. >> keep moving up there. >> the people were already marching. they literally pushed us, pushed us towards the washington monument, towards the lincoln memorial. ♪ >> bayard had absolute confidence in the fact that if you had a well-organized event

and you had your own marshalls and people were trained, it would be nonviolent. >> to signify we were marshalls, there was an m. >> to maintain order and security among the marchers. >> this is going to be a peaceful march, and our role was to keep it peaceful. >> the lincoln party has been boxed in over the monument. >> my group was about five of us. we were to it was to. >> george lincoln rock well has headed out. he lab told to leave the washington monument. >> at some point early afternoon when it was clear no riot was going happen, they said, well, i guess you can go home. >> we were all geared to

something happening. we were all itchy about violence. it was the best thing that could have happened that nothing happened. >> myself personally my task was to organize a cultural contingency to come to the march on washington. >> i give you mr. bert lancaster. >> all of them looked to harry because they knew his close relationship with dr. king. >> one of the things i said in my conversations were the kennedys and discussing why they should be more yielding in their

support of our demonstrations. it was the fact that there would be such a presence. highly profiled artests, that that alone would put anxiety to rest, that people will be looking at the occasion in a far more festive way. ♪ >> i finally got to where i was supposed to be seated, and i got a chance to look out. i thought to myself my goodness. i have probably talked to almost every person out there because i had been on that phone for so many days, for so many hours, and it just was the most gratifying feeling. >> just ahead, sound and fury. >> near the end of the original text, i said something like we may be forced to march to the

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>> the two most memorable speakers on this day would be young john lewis and martin luther king jr., but in each

case there would be debate and doubt about what to say. ♪ >> fellow americans, we are gathered here at the larnlest demonstration in the history of this nation. >> i want to thank all of you for coming here today because you saved me from being a liar. i told them you would be here. they didn't believe me because you always make up your mind at the last minute. >> what was important to us at the time, those of us working on the march, was not the speeches, but would people come? that's all we wanted to happen. >> did they come? they did. >> john lewis probably impressed

me more than anybody because he was a young guy who knew where he was going, knew what needed to be done. >> there was some concern about my speech. my speech was pretty strong. >> he came to us and said archbishop boyle was not going to participate in the march unless, you know, john changed his speech. >> he said that unless those were altered, he, archbishop ol o'boyle would not pronounce the invocation. he said that he would refrain lewis's text would insight the crowd to violence. >> near the end of the original text i said something like we may be forced to march to the south the way sherman did nonviolently. >> we told bayard we were not fwog change the speech. bayard left, and then came back

with randolph. mr. randolph came and said, john, we've come this far together. can you change this? can you delete that? let's stay together. >> we went back to it is lincoln memorial and on a small typewriter made the changes to his speech. >> where is the political party that went -- unnecessary to march it on washington. where is the political party that would make it unnecessary to march in the streets of birmingham some. >> some people say it was a very fiery speech, but all young folks back then were very, very fiery. >> was put off of his -- and registered to vote. >> during the delivery of the speech, i saw hundreds and thousands of young people standing on the right, and they were cheering.

seemed like they were encouraging me to go on. >> should we be patient and wait? >> my heart was in my mouth all during john lewis's speech because he had to change it at the last minute. >> i did my best. i think it was a strong speech. >> we do not want our freedom -- we want to be free now. >> there was a deputy attorney general in the justice department whose assignment was to get control of the sound system so that if the oratory got inflammatory, he would be able to cut the sound system off. of course, he never had to do that.

>> i thought it will be just for a moment and i dozed off. >> walter luther was a constant advocate of civil rights, human rights. >> there is a lot of noble talk about brotherhood, and then some americans dropped the brother and kept the hood. >> reuther explained to us the importance of the role. ♪ how many dead >> we had sound systems. they paid for signs, paid for caps that said uaw on it. >> in fact, union contributions towards the implementation and execution of the march were more than civil rights organizations themselves. >> 25% of the uaw membership was african-american. >> it is the responsibility of every american. they share the impatience of the

negro-americans. >> i won't say most, but you'll see a lot of the white persons that participated came about walter reuther's leadership. >> i was the official government photographer. i was sort of like a free roving guy. i saw this ernest face. she's really a beautiful young girl. 12-year-old girl, and she was so intense. the picture reflects that. i'm very proud of that picture. >> i first found out about the photo in october of 2008. one of my cousins noticed a calendar of 2009 black historical dar, but then there was also a picture of me holding this banner which told me, of course, i thought she was joking and lo and behold, there i was. >> i wasn't the only one to be struck by it, and she has become like the face of the march on washington.

>> august 28th, 1963 was the hottest day in history. i remember having hot feet and putting them in water. i was a little kid and i couldn't see anything. it was kind of like anxious now to get back on this yellow rickety bus. ♪ >> i particularly remember mahalia jackson. >> only because everyone around me had just gone wild. >> mahalia was the catalyst to that moment. she was a call to order. ♪ she was calling everybody to come before doctor spoke. a great one-two punch. ♪

>> next, words that were not scheduled to be spoken. >> i was spending my time lobbying. i have a dream speech, i thought it was happening. [ male announcer ] this is jim,

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>> i hob the frontlines since january. >> and i didn't see this as really worth my time. >> this was a picnic on the park, and dr. king called for me to get on the plane and come on up. i would be sorry if i missed it. >> i got to washington, willard hotel, and dad was on the executive committee, and there must have been several people on the staff staying at the hotel. >> we had sequestered a corner of the hotel with some chairs around it. >> they were having a staff meeting to talk about the

speech. >> i was spending my time lobbying, and i became -- we had heard the "i have a dream speech" because we had heard it so many times. >> the staff didn't agree that he should use i dr. v a dream. >> i saw the look of exaspiration, and he finally got up and said, gentlemen, thank you very much for your time and suggestion. i'm going upstairs, and i'm going to counsel with the lord. >> i put my sleeping bag on my father's hotel floor. i think i was just drifting off to sleep, and i heard dr. king's voice. i have a dream. coming through the wall from clearly from the next room, and i thought he must be practicing his speech for the next day. >> i have the pleasure to present to you dr. martin luther king, jr. >> everyone wanted him to speak first because they figured the

first speakers would make the 6:00 news, and dr. king ended up speaking last. >> we will not be satisfied as long as a negro in mississippi cannot vote and a negro in new york believes he has nothing to vote. >> as he is reading the text, halia jackson is sitting on the platform, and she shouts at him, interrupts him and says tell them about the dream, martin. tell them about the dream. >> i still have a dream. >> i said, oh, i thought it was a mistake to use that, but how wrong i was. it had never been used on a world stage before. >> and whoever was standing next to me, i said to that person, they don't know it, but those people out there -- i said they don't know it, but they're about

ready to go to church. >> i have a dream that one day on the red hills of georgia from the former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. >> it was like you could hear a pin drop because, i guess, everybody in the audience at that time felt he was actually speaking to them. >> i have a dream. my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. i have a dream today. >> i felt like he was talking about me and talking to me, and i didn't want anybody to smep because of the color of my skin. i wanted them to accept me because i was me. >> let freedom ring from every hill and mole hill in

mississippi, every mountain side. >> he transformed the marble steps of the lincoln memorial to a modern day pulpit. >> free at last. free at last. thank god all mighty, we are free at last. >> it was shakespearean in its magnificents and his indicatedance. >> i was down at the bottom of the steps where i was watching not only his speech, but the reaction of the crowd, and it was electrifying. >> they were emotional. people were crying. >> we knew that we were part of something that was -- it was going to transcend the face of this country. >> i dozed off. when i woke up, the march was over. dr. king had spoken. everyone had spoken, and some of my buddies from the office finally found me and woke me up.

when i finally did hear dr. king's speech in its entirety, i realized that i had missed probably the greatest speech of the century. >> after the march on washington president kennedy had invited us back down to the white house. he stood in the door of the oval office and he greeted each one of us. it was like a beaming proud father, and he said you did a good job. you did a good job. you did a good job. when he got to dr. king he said and you had a dream. >> soon death in dallas and in birmingham. >> there is a bulletin from cbs news that in dallas, texas, three shots were fired at president kennedy's motorcade in

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>> after the end we all thought this is incredible, and we all linked hands, and we sang "we shall overcome." ♪ we shall overcome

>> we thought we could get close to 100,000 people, we would have called it a day of victory. >> to bring up-to-date on this crowd estimated by police at 210,000. >> for it to come off the way it did, with everybody sing and feeling a great spirit of america, it was a day of miracles. >> i said, martin, we haven't heard the klan's response yet. we haven't heard the klan's response to something that must have shook them to their foundation. ♪ >> that was a sad and dark hour when those of us in the news -- dark hour for the country. >> 18 days after the march when

there was so much hope, so much optimism, the bombing took place in my home state of alabama. >> the klan just gave us their response. >> it shocked the whole nation because for the first time they began to make a connection between hate speech and violent actions. >> my reaction was to go to birmingham. we went down later on that evening, and i guess i thought that could have been any of us. it was more that we've got to show our solid dart, that, yes, you bombed this church, yes, you killed some young lady's four innocent people, but that's not going to stop us. ♪ >> something in auerbach ground

made us know that there are rough days ahead, but we're going to make it. >> there is a bulletin from cbs news. in dallas, texas, three shots were fired at president kennedy's motorcade in downtown dallas. >> there was an unbelievable sad moment. i felt like we had lost a friend. >> from dallas, texas, the flash apparently official. president kennedy died at 1:00 p.m. central standard time. 2:00 eastern. >> i was in the ninth grade when president kennedy was assassinated, and we all knew that vice president len done johnson was a southerner. we were deathly afraid of that. we thought he would get in, and then everything would be over. >> no memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor president kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which

he fought so long. >> he told some of his southern friends, you know, we're about to do this. you just be quiet. you just step aside. >> lyndon johnson's form of political power is that you take names and you kick ass, and there's no sense having tolerance if y tolerance -- power unless you let your friends know you have it and your enemies know you'll use it. >> he signed at the white house by president johnson. >> lyndon johnson signed it with 75 pens. >> when you consider that for 100 years black people had been trying to get rudimentary rights and in one year had the march on washington, there had been the first important civil rights bill since reconstruction. that was when you made the

connection. that march mattered. >> i was standing back on the mall again. barack obama was being sworn in as the 44th president of the united states of america. >> preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the united states. >> so help you god? >> so help me god. >> congratulations, mr. president. >> i cried the night he was elected, and i cried the day he was sworn in. >> during lunch after the inauguration the president came around. i stood up ask had a little envelope in my pocket. i said will you please sign this? he signed it. it said because of you, john, barack obama. i teared up.

he teared up. >> no one could have envisioned 50 years ago that barack obama would be named president of the united states or anybody even remotely like him. that's not what we were striving for. this was a march about the everyday black man and woman who had nothing. it was about the fact that each and every one of us was denied basic rights simply because of the color of our skin, and we needed somehow to demonstrate that to the country and make them do something about it. >> from time to time i do reflect back realizing that of the ten speakers that i'm the only one still around. i feel more than lucky. i feel very blessed that i can still go down to the lincoln memorial and just stand where we

stood. >> a religious zealot. >> god speaks to me. >> in waco, texas. >> he claimed that he was the lamb of god. >> they truly believe that he was the massad. >> leading his followers to armageddon. >> god's word. >> reportedly he believes he was jesus christ zoosh i had a radio mike in one ear with an agent pleadi f